Complicaciones materno-fetales en gestantes obesas del municipio Artemisa / Maternal-Fetal Complications in Obese Pregnant Women from Artemisa Municipality

Introducción: Un Índice de Masa Corporal superior de 30 kg/m2, al inicio de la gestación, se asocia con incremento de riesgo para presentar afecciones materno-fetales. Objetivo: Describir las principales complicaciones maternas o fetales asociadas a la obesidad en gestantes del municipio Artemisa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, en Artemisa, en el 2016. De las 832 gestantes captadas, se seleccionaron 179 con Índice de Masa Corporal > 25 kg/m2 desde la etapa preconcepcional o en la captación del embarazo. Mediante revisión documental se obtuvo la información de interés: tipo de obesidad y complicaciones materno-fetales. Resultados: De las gestantes del estudio, 21,5 por ciento (179 de 832) iniciaron el embarazo con un Índice de Masa Corporal > 25 kg/m2; 61,5 por ciento110 de 179) padecían obesidad combinada con hipertensión arterial y/o diabetes. La frecuencia de complicaciones aumentó con la presencia de estas enfermedades asociadas. Las principales morbilidades maternas fueron: partos vaginales con complicaciones obstétricas, anemia, cesáreas, preeclampsia y diabetes gestacional. El 50 por ciento de las participantes tuvo descendencia afectada. Cuando la obesidad materna se acompañaba de hipertensión arterial, con frecuencia se observaron recién nacidos pretérmino. Si las obesas padecían diabetes pregestacional los defectos congénitos mayores resultaron las morbilidades predominantes en su descendencia. No se encontró asociación entre sobrepeso preconcepcional e incremento del riesgo de afecciones fetales. Conclusiones: Alrededor de 20 de cada 100 mujeres inician el embarazo con sobrepeso u obesidad, con un incremento del riesgo de complicaciones materno-fetales proporcional al aumento del Índice de Masa Corporal y a la gravedad con la que se presenta esta enfermedad. Este riesgo es mayor cuando la obesidad se combina con otras morbilidades maternas(AU)

Introduction: A body mass index higher than 30 kg/m2, at the beginning of pregnancy, is associated with an increased risk of presenting maternal-fetal conditions. Objective: To describe the main maternal or fetal complications associated with obesity in pregnant women from Artemisa Municipality. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in Artemisa in 2016. Of the 832 pregnant women, 179 with body mass index higher than 25 kg/m2 from the preconception stage or at the time of pregnancy were selected. Through documentary review, information of interest was obtained: type of obesity and maternal-fetal complications. Results: Of the pregnant women under study, 21.5 percent(179 of 832) started their pregnancy with a body mass index higher than 25 kg/m2, while 61.5 percent (110 of 179) suffered from obesity combined with arterial hypertension and/or diabetes. The frequency of complications increased with the presence of these associated diseases. The main maternal morbidities were vaginal deliveries with obstetric complications, anemia, cesarean sections, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. 50 percent of the participants had affected offspring. When maternal obesity was accompanied by arterial hypertension, preterm newborns were frequently observed. If obese women had pregestational diabetes, major congenital defects were the predominant morbidities in their offspring. No association was found between preconceptional overweight and increased risk of fetal conditions. Conclusions: About twenty out of a hundred women start pregnancy with overweight or obesity, with an increased risk for maternal-fetal complications proportional to the increase in body mass index and the severity with which this disease is manifested. This risk is higher when obesity is combined with other maternal morbidities(AU)

Prevalence and associated factors on overweight/obesity in pregnant women assisted by the Family Health Strategy / Prevalência e fatores associados ao sobrepeso/ obesidade em gestantes assistidas na Estratégia Saúde da Família

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of overweight/obesity and analyze the associated factors in pregnant women assisted by family health teams. Methods: epidemiological observational study of populational, cross-sectional, and analytical base carried out with pregnant women at the Estratégia de Saúde da Família (Family Health Strategy) in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, between October 2018 and November 2019. Socioeconomic and demographic, obstetric characteristics, social and family support, emotional aspects and comorbidities. The presence of overweight/obesity was estimated by the initial Body Mass Index (up to the 13th gestational week) acquired from the pregnant woman's health booklet. Hierarchized Poisson regression with robust variance was carried out. Results: a total of 1,279 pregnant women participated in this study. The prevalence of overweight/ obesity was 45.3% and was associated with the following factors: having a partner (PR=1.52; CI95% =1.24-1.86), higher family income (PR=1.23; CI95% =1.04-1.46), presence of previous pregnancies (PR=1.65; CI95% =1.39-1.95%), higher age group (PR=2.26; CI95% =1.70-3.01), gestational diabetes mellitus (PR=1.43; CI95% =1.21-1.69) and systemic arterial hypertension (PR=1.29; CI95% =1.04-1.61). Conclusion: there was a high prevalence of overweight/obesity in the evaluated pregnant women and its association with sociodemographic and obstetric factors and chronic comorbidities. There is a necessity for monitoring and carrying out nutritional education in prenatal care provided by family health teams, with emphasis on strengthening multidisciplinary care.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e analisar os fatores associados em gestantes assistidas por equipes de saúde da família. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico observacional de base populacional, transversal e analítico, realizado com gestantes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família em Montes Claros, MG, Brasil, entre outubro de 2018 a novembro de 2019. Avaliaram-se características socioeconômicas e demográficas, obstétricas, apoio social e familiar, aspectos emocionais e comorbidades. A presença de sobrepeso/ obesidade foi estimada pelo Índice de Massa Corporal inicial (até 13ª semana gestacional) adquirido da caderneta da gestante. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson hierarquizada com variância robusta. Resultados: participaram deste estudo 1.279 gestantes. A prevalência do sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 45,3% e esteve associada aos fatores: ter companheiro(a) (RP=1,52; IC95%=1,24-1,86), maior renda familiar (RP=1,23; IC95%=1,04-1,46), presença de gestações anteriores (RP=1,65; IC95%=1,39-1,95%), maior faixa etária (RP=2,26; IC 95%=1,70-3,01), diabetes mellitus gestacional (RP=1,43; IC95%=1,21-1,69) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (RP=1,29; IC95%=1,04-1,61). Conclusão: verificou-se alta prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade nas gestantes avaliadas e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos, obstétricos e comorbidades crônicas. Há necessidade de monitoramento e de realização da educação nutricional no cuidado pré-natal prestado pelas equipes de saúde da família, com ênfase no fortalecimento do cuidado multiprofissional.

Prevalência, fatores associados e desfechos reprodutivos relacionados ao ganho de peso gestacional excessivo / Prevalence, associated factors and reproductive outcomes related to excessive gestational weight gain / Prevalencia, factores asociados y resultados reproductivos relacionados con el aumento excesivo de peso durante la gestación

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional pré-gestacional, o ganho de peso durante a gestação, e investigar fatores associados ao ganho de peso excessivo (GPE) entre mulheres. Método: estudo com dados secundários de 747 puérperas da pesquisa "Nascer em Belo Horizonte". Calculou-se prevalência, razão de prevalência e intervalos de 95% de confiança. Utilizou-se teste quiquadrado de Pearson para avaliar diferenças das prevalências. Resultados: de acordo com os dados, 31% tinham excesso de peso pré-gestacional e 21% apresentaram GPE na gestação. Mulheres com baixa escolaridade (26,9%), multíparas (32,0%), que consumiam álcool (29,5%), com pré-natal no serviço público (25,4%), poucas consultas (26,5%), e gestação de risco (33,9%) apresentaram maior GPE. Tiveram maior chance de GPE mulheres com baixa escolaridade, pré-natal em serviço público e gestação de risco. Cesariana (52,6%) e macrossomia (6,6%) foram mais prevalentes entre aquelas com GPE. Conclusão: observou-se excesso de peso pré-gestacional, ganho ponderal excessivo na gravidez, principalmente em gestantes com maior vulnerabilidade social, resultando em desfechos reprodutivos desfavoráveis.

Objective: to evaluate pre-gestational nutritional status and weight gain during pregnancy, and to investigate factors associated with excessive weight gain (EWG) among women. Method: this study used secondary data on 747 women following childbirth in the "Born in Belo Horizonte" study. Prevalence, prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Differences in prevalence were assessed by Pearson chi-square test. Results: according to the data, 31% were overweight before pregnancy and 21% had EWG during pregnancy. EWG was higher among women with little schooling (26.9%), multiparous women (32.0%), those who consumed alcohol (29.5%), had antenatal care in the public service (25.4%), attended few appointments (26.5%) or had high-risk pregnancies (33.9%). Women with little schooling, antenatal care in public service, and high-risk pregnancies were more likely to have EWG. Caesarian delivery (52.6%) and macrosomia (6.6%) were more prevalent among those with EWG. Conclusion: Excess weight before pregnancy and excessive weight gain during pregnancy were observed, especially among more socially vulnerable women, resulting in unfavorable reproductive outcomes.

Objetivo: evaluar el estado nutricional pregestacional y el aumento de peso durante el embarazo, e investigar los factores asociados con el aumento de peso excesivo (EWG) entre las mujeres. Método: este estudio utilizó datos secundarios de 747 mujeres después del parto en el estudio "Nacidos en Belo Horizonte". Se calcularon la prevalencia, la razón de prevalencia y los intervalos de confianza del 95%. Las diferencias en la prevalencia se evaluaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: según los datos, el 31% tenía sobrepeso antes del embarazo y el 21% tenía EWG durante el embarazo. El GTE fue mayor entre las mujeres con poca escolaridad (26,9%), las multíparas (32,0%), las que consumían alcohol (29,5%), tenían atención prenatal en el servicio público (25,4%), asistían a pocas citas (26,5%) o tenían embarazos de alto riesgo (33,9%). Las mujeres con poca escolaridad, atención prenatal en el servicio público y embarazos de alto riesgo tenían más probabilidades de tener EWG. El parto por cesárea (52,6%) y la macrosomía (6,6%) fueron más frecuentes entre las personas con EWG. Conclusión: Se observó exceso de peso antes del embarazo y aumento de peso excesivo durante el embarazo, especialmente entre las mujeres más vulnerables socialmente, lo que resultó en resultados reproductivos desfavorables.

Pregnancy Outcomes in COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Pregnant women are reported to be at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to underlying immunosuppression during pregnancy. However, the clinical course of COVID-19 in pregnancy and risk of vertical and horizontal transmission remain relatively unknown. We aim to describe and evaluate outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 in Singapore.@*METHODS@#Prospective observational study of 16 pregnant patients admitted for COVID-19 to 4 tertiary hospitals in Singapore. Outcomes included severe disease, pregnancy loss, and vertical and horizontal transmission.@*RESULTS@#Of the 16 patients, 37.5%, 43.8% and 18.7% were infected in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. Two gravidas aged ≥35 years (12.5%) developed severe pneumonia; one patient (body mass index 32.9kg/m2) required transfer to intensive care. The median duration of acute infection was 19 days; one patient remained reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive >11 weeks from diagnosis. There were no maternal mortalities. Five pregnancies produced term live-births while 2 spontaneous miscarriages occurred at 11 and 23 weeks. RT-PCR of breast milk and maternal and neonatal samples taken at birth were negative; placenta and cord histology showed non-specific inflammation; and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immunoglobulins were elevated in paired maternal and umbilical cord blood (n=5).@*CONCLUSION@#The majority of COVID-19 infected pregnant women had mild disease and only 2 women with risk factors (obesity, older age) had severe infection; this represents a slightly higher incidence than observed in age-matched non-pregnant women. Among the women who delivered, there was no definitive evidence of mother-to-child transmission via breast milk or placenta.

Risks of maternal obesity in pregnancy: A case-control study in a portuguese obstetrical population / Riscos da obesidade materna na gravidez: um estudo caso-controle em uma oopulação obstétrica portuguesa

Abstract Objective The present study aims to understand to what extent obesity is related to adversematernal, obstetrical, and neonatal outcomes in a Portuguese obstetrical population. Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics of a differentiated perinatal care facility. The study compared 1,183 obese pregnant womenwith 5,399 normal or underweight pregnantwomen for the occurrence of gestational diabetes, hypertensive pregnancy disorders, and preterm birth. Mode of delivery, birthweight, and neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) admissionswere also evaluated. Mean blood glucose values were evaluated and compared between groups, in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Only singleton pregnancies were considered. Results The prevalence of obesity was 13.6%. Obese pregnant women were significantly more likely to have cesarean sections (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.0, p< 0.001), gestational diabetes (aOR 2.14, p< 0.001), hypertensive pregnancy disorders (aOR 3.43, p< 0.001), and large-for-gestational age ormacrosomic infants (aOR 2.13, p< 0.001), and less likely to have small-for-gestational age newborns (aOR 0.51, p< 0.009). No significant differences were found in terms of pretermbirths, fetal/neonatal deaths, low birthweight newborns, and neonatal ICU admissions among cases and controls. Maternal obesity was significantly associated with higher mean blood glucose levels, in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Conclusion Obesity is associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. These risks seem to increase progressively with increasing body mass index (BMI) class. Female obesity should be considered a major public health issue and has consequences on maternal-fetal health.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo pretende avaliar em que medida a obesidade influencia os desfechos maternos, obstétricos e neonatais em uma população obstétrica portuguesa. Métodos Um estudo caso-controle retrospectivo foi realizado no departamento de obstetrícia de um centro perinatal diferenciado. O estudo comparou 1.183 grávidas obesas com 5.399 grávidas normoponderais ou com baixo peso para a ocorrência de diabetes gestacional, doenças hipertensivas da gravidez e parto pré-termo. Via de parto, peso ao nascimento e admissão na unidade de cuidados neonatais também foram avaliados. Os valores glicêmicos médios foram avaliados e comparados entre os dois grupos, no primeiro e segundo trimestres de gravidez. Apenas as gravidezes unifetais foram avaliadas. Resultados A prevalência da obesidade foi de 13.6%. As grávidas obesas tiveramrisco significativamente superior a ter uma cesariana (odds ratio ajustado [Ora] 2.0, p < 0.001), diabetes gestacional (ORa 2.14, p < 0.001), doenças hipertensivas da gravidez (ORa 3.43, p < 0.001), recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional ou macrossômicos (ORa 2.13, p < 0.001) e menor probabilidade de ter recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (ORa 0.51, p < 0.009). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos partos pré-termo, mortes fetais/neonatais, baixo peso ao nascer e admissão à unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais. O odds ratio foi ajustado para a idade, número de gestações, paridade, ganho ponderal, doenças hipertensivas da gravidez e diabetes gestacional. A obesidade materna esteve significativamente associada a valores glicêmicos médios superiores, no primeiro e segundo trimestres de gravidez. Conclusão A obesidade está associada a maior risco de desfechos adversos na gravidez e neonatais. Este risco parece aumentar progressivamente com o aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC). A obesidade feminina deve ser considerada um importante problema de saúde pública e que tem repercussões na saúde maternofetal.

Indicadores socioeconómicos de la obesidad materna en México y Francia: análisis comparado de dos cohortes / Socioeconomic determinants of maternal obesity in Mexico and France: comparative analysis of two cohorts

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar y analizar los indicadores socioeconómicos de obesidad materna en México y Francia. Metodología Estudio comparativo de dos cohortes EDEN sus siglas en francés (Etude des déterminants pré et post natals précoces de la santé et de développement de l'enfant) (Francia) y NUTTSEA (México). La población de estudio se conformó por mujeres que solicitaron consulta prenatal en semana 24 de gestación. Los datos fueron recolectados con cuestionarios y entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Las variables de interés fueron aspectos socioeconómicos, alimentación, antropometría y seguridad alimentaria. El análisis cuantitativo se realizó utilizando Stata y el análisis cualitativo con Atlas-ti. Resultados En cohorte EDEN el 68.6% resultó con edad de 25-34 años, el 73% tenían un empleo remunerado, el 53% preparatoria completa; el 6.6% refirió tener dificultad para acceder a los alimentos; la media del IMC gestacional fue de 23.23±4.6. En la cohorte NUTTSEA el 55% se encontraba en el rango de edad de 18-24 años; el 15% refirió contar con un empleo remunerado; el 42% de la población tenía secundaria completa; el 32.1% presentó un grado de inseguridad alimentaria; la media de IMC fue de 27.8±4.8. Conclusiones Los resultados cuali-cuantitativos de ambas cohortes sugieren que poblaciones con mayor vulnerabilidad socio-económica son más propensas a la obesidad materna, determinando directrices sobre barreras y facilitadores para fortalecer programas de prevención de la obesidad materna.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To identify and analyze the socioeconomic indicators of maternal obesity in Mexico and France. Material and Methods Comparative study of two cohorts: EDEN (France) and NUTTSEA (Mexico). The study population consisted of women who requested prenatal consultation at week 24 of pregnancy. Data were collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The variables of interest were socioeconomic aspects, nutrition, anthropometry and food security. The quantitative analysis was performed using Stata and the qualitative analysis with Atlas-ti. Results In the EDEN cohort, 68.6% were aged 25-34 years, 73% had paid employment and 53% completed high school. In addition, 6.6% reported having difficulty accessing food and the mean gestational BMI was 23.23 ± 4.6. In the NUTTSEA cohort, 55% were in the age range 18-24 years, 15% reported having paid employment, 42% had completed secondary education, 32.1% presented a degree of food insecurity, and the mean BMI was 27.8 ± 4.8. Conclusions The qualitative and quantitative results of both cohorts suggest that populations with greater socio-economic vulnerability are more prone to maternal obesity, which leads to determine guidelines on barriers and facilitators to strengthen programs to prevent it maternal obesity.(AU)

Eficacia de la tecnología móvil y ganancia de peso en gestantes en Callao, Perú / Effectiveness of mobile technology and weight gain in pregnant women in Callao, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia de la tecnología móvil en la ganancia adecuada de peso de las gestantes estudiadas. Materiales y Métodos Estudio cuasi-experimental. Se incluyó a 117 gestantes que acudieron a establecimientos de salud de la Dirección Regional de Salud (Diresa), Callao. Se envió mensajes a 58 gestantes que conformaban el grupo experimental para mejorar sus estilos de vida y asistencia al control prenatal (CPN), mientras que 59 gestantes recibieron la educación rutinaria durante la gestación. Los mensajes se enviaron cada tres días. En la primera visita del control pre natal se evaluó el estado nutricional de las gestantes tomando como referencia el IMC pre gestacional. La ganancia de peso se obtuvo por diferencia entre el peso pre-gestacional y peso registrado durante los últimos controles. Resultados La ganancia de peso adecuada fue 27,6% de gestantes intervenidas y 25,4% en las no intervenidas. El 79,3% de gestantes tuvieron seis o más CPN en el grupo intervenido y 54,2% en las no intervenidas. La ganancia de peso fue excesiva en 5,1% en las gestantes no intervenidas y solo 1,7% en las intervenidas. El mayor porcentaje de gestantes con ganancia de peso adecuada (32,0%) se observó en las gestantes intervenidas con sobrepeso pre gestacional. Conclusiones No hubo diferencia estadística al usar la tecnología móvil para la adecuada ganancia de peso entre los grupos de estudio. Existió mayor cumplimiento de asistencia al CPN en el grupo de gestantes intervenidas comparado con el no intervenido (p<0,05).(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile technology in the appropriate weight gain of pregnant women. Materials and Methods A quasi-experimental study. The sample included 117 pregnant women attending health facilities at la Dirección Regional de Salud (Diresa), Callao. Messages were sent to 58 pregnant women who formed the experimental group to improve their lifestyles and assistance to prenatal care (APC), while 59 pregnant women received routine education provided for pregnants. Messages were sent every three days. The nutritional status of the pregnant women was evaluated using the pre gestational BMI at the first visit of the APC. The weight gain was obtained from the difference between pre-gestational weight and weight recorded during the last controls. Results The adequate weight gain was 27.6% of intervened pregnancies and 25.4% in the non-intervened. The 79.3% pregnant had six or more NPC in the group intervened and 54.2% in the non-intervened. The weight gain was excessive in 5.1% in the non-intervened pregnant and 1.7% in the intervened. The highest percentage of pregnant women with adequate weight gain (32.0%) was observed in the intervened pregnancies with pre-gestacional overwhegith. Conclusions There was no statistic difference in the use of mobile technology for a proper weight gain between both study groups. There were greater fulfillment of APC in intervened pregnancies compared to the non-intervened (p<0.05).(AU)